Land Trust Alliance http://www.landtrustalliance.org These are the search results for the query, showing results 1 to 15. The State of Marine and Coastal Adaptation in North America: A Synthesis of Emerging Ideas http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/habitats/the-state-of-marine-and-coastal-adaptation-in-north-america-a-synthesis-of-emerging-ideas Other | Publication This report from EcoAdapt summarizes climate change impacts to marine and coastal zones, discusses adaptation approaches, and highlights climate change response trends and opportunities throughout North America. The paper highlights adaptation projects that exemplify how communities have worked to overcome real and perceived barriers to climate adaptation action.

]]> No publisher Erin Derrington Inspire Actions Additional Resource Adapt Adaptation Publication 2012-12-07T01:49:54Z Page The Climate of Conservation in America: 50 Stories in 50 States http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/habitats/the-climate-of-conservation-in-america-50-stories-in-50-states USFWS | Website This series from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service provides state-by-state narratives of how accelerating climate change is impacting or may impact fish and wildlife, as well as collaborative efforts to respond to these impacts across the nation.

]]> No publisher Erin Derrington Mississippi USFWS Oklahoma Delaware Minnesota Illinois North Carolina Arkansas Adapt Indiana Maryland Louisiana Idaho Wyoming Tennessee Arizona Iowa Michigan Kansas Utah Virginia Oregon Connecticut Montana California Massachusetts West Virginia South Carolina New Hampshire Wisconsin Vermont Georgia North Dakota Pennsylvania Florida Alaska Kentucky Hawaii Additional Resource Nebraska Missouri Ohio Alabama Rhode Island Colorado South Dakota Inspire New Jersey Washington Actions New York Adaptation Texas Nevada Maine New Mexico 2012-11-09T02:35:00Z Page Coastal Areas Impacts and Climate Change Adaptation Website http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/habitats/coastal-areas-impacts-and-climate-change-adaptation-website EPA | Website The Coastal Areas Impacts and Climate Change Adaptation Website offers assessments of climate change impacts and adaptation efforts by region or by sector.  It also provides additional resources, including an adaptation overview, which highlights examples of adaptation and ongoing adaptation efforts.

]]> No publisher Erin Derrington Website Impacts Vulnerability Assess Adapt Tools and datasets Awareness EPA 2012-11-09T02:20:00Z Page Preserve Habitat Connectivity http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/wildlife/preserve-habitat-connectivity Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation is a leading threat to the nation’s fish and wildlife resources. As a result, preserving habitat connectivity has become an important conservation priority.

How Does Climate Change Increase the Importance of Habitat connectivity?

Rising temperatures and changing climatic conditions are already causing some species — plants and animals — to push their established ranges further north or into higher elevation areas. For example, New England’s sugar maples are already shifting their ranges further north and to higher elevations. Habitat connectivity facilitates this process, allowing animals to seek out new territory or escape newly-invading predators or competitors.

Numerous Efforts Are Already Underway to Preserve Habitat Connectivity

The protection of habitat connectivity, often through buffer zones or wildlife corridors, is a conservation priority. For example, the Western Governor’s Association recently established a Wildlife Corridors Initiative to help protect the region’s fish and wildlife from the impacts of climate change, energy development, transportation and other forms of habitat loss or degradation.

How Can Land Trusts Help Preserve Habitat Connectivity?

As climate change compels more species to shift their ranges, land trusts may wish to consider facilitating these population migrations by:

  • extending the reach of current protected areas to incorporate potential new habitat,
  • making landscape connectivity a priority when considering new parcels,
  • working with local organizations, governments and NGOs to protect habitat that links existing protected areas, thereby establishing wildlife corridors.

Learn More

Learn more about protecting habitat connectivity:

]]> No publisher Kimberly Seese Wildlife Adapt 2012-03-07T22:25:00Z Page Manage Wildlife for Climate Change http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/wildlife/manage-wildlife-for-climate-change Resilience Climate change has already been linked to changes in wildlife distribution, reproduction and behavior. As temperatures continue to warm, these changes will continue.

What Does Climate Change Mean for Wildlife?

The potential impacts to wildlife vary by species, preferred habitat, and much more, and may include:

  • Species migration to more northerly or higher elevation habitats.
  • More severe weather — storms, floods, droughts, etc — threaten the ability of wildlife species to reproduce, find cover, forage or hunt, migrate and survive.
  • Increased health risks from disease, pests and new competitors or predators.
  • Loss of habitat due to rising sea levels, drought, rising temperatures, wildfire and other events.
  • Temporal or geographic disconnect between species that previously relied upon one another, such as pollinators and flowers.

How Can Land Trusts Help?

By planning for climate change today, land trusts help priority species weather the effects of climate change tomorrow. Land trusts may consider the following actions:

]]> No publisher Kimberly Seese Wildlife Adapt 2012-03-07T22:25:00Z Page Adapt Land Trust Practices to Promote Climate Change Resilience http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/adapt-land-trust-practices-to-promote-climate-change-resilience Climate change is already impacting natural and cultural resources across the United States, and these impacts are only expected to become more dramatic over the coming century. We cannot prevent climate change from impacting our protected lands. But, by adapting our management practices, land trusts can promote climate change resilience in priority species, habitats and resources.


How Can Land Trusts Help?

By planning for climate change today, land trusts help priority species, habitats and resources weather the effects of climate change tomorrow. Land trusts may consider the following actions:

]]> No publisher Kimberly Seese Adapt 2012-03-07T22:25:00Z Page Manage Forests for Climate Change http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/habitats/manage-forests-for-climate-change Approximately one-third of the United States is forested, which amounts to about 745 million acres of forest. Forested ecosystems vary dramatically, based upon their geologic and climatic conditions, and are expected to change significantly in response to climate change. Much of New England is currently dominated by maples, beeches and birches, for example. But, by the end of this century, those forests are expected to have shifted toward an oak-hickory defined ecosystem.


Climate Change Impacts: Current and Predicted

Forests occur in every region of the United States, and the response of a specific forested ecosystem will depend on a variety of factors, including changes in temperature, precipitation and species composition.

Observed and predicted climate change impacts to forests may include:

  • Stronger and more frequent forest fires, due to generally warmer temperatures and drier conditions.
  • Species — both plants and wildlife — shifting their ranges to the north, or to higher elevations. For example, the tree-line is already encroaching on tundra in Alaska.
  • The expansion or contraction of classic forest types — e.g. oak-hickory or maple-beech-birch — due to rising temperatures and changing species composition. Some forest types, such as spruce-fir, may disappear entirely from the United States.
  • Greater risk of disease and insect pests, including the potential for these stressors to shift their ranges further north, or to higher elevations.
  • Shifting seasons, which may push plants and pollinators out of synch with one another.
  • Some tree species may respond to higher levels of carbon dioxide by growing faster. However, this is expected to be a relatively short-term scenario.


Additional information about predicted climate change impacts to forested habitats, ecosystems and wildlife can be found in the following places:

Recommendations for Adaptation

Climate change is already altering the species composition of forests across the United States, allowing some trees to extend their ranges further north or to higher elevations, for example. These changes — and others — will continue throughout the coming century.

Land trusts that manage forested habitats may wish to:

Specific recommendations for the adaptation of forested habitats to climate change include:

  • Assess vulnerability of habitat(s) to climate change impacts, such as shorter winters, earlier springs or dryer summers. Note: these impacts will vary by region and forest type.
  • Determine whether currently protected habitats are likely to shift their range northward, or to higher elevations. If so, consider the feasibility and value of extending the protected area’s boundaries to include this new territory.
  • Increase the overall health and resilience of existing habitats by removing invasive plants, restoring native species, and protecting habitats from development and other stressors.
  • Wherever possible, protect the health of established ecosystem services, such as stream buffers, which may help support the health of the whole forest.


Learn More

]]> No publisher Kimberly Seese Habitats Adapt 2012-03-07T22:20:00Z Page Manage Mountainous Habitats for Climate Change http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/habitats/manage-mountainous-habitats-for-climate-change Mountainous — high elevation — habitats are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, because species often have no choice but to move to higher elevations. Those species already existing at high elevation habitats may literally run out of space.


Climate Change Impacts: Current and Predicted

Mountainous habitats can be found in eastern, western and Pacific states, including New England, Alaska and Hawaii. The impacts of climate change will vary based on the location, elevation and species composition, but may include species migration and extinction, reduced snow cover and the earlier arrival of spring, among others.

Observed and predicted climate change impacts to mountainous habitats may include:

  • Diminished snowfall and snow cover, as well as a shorter winter season. This may contribute to a greater risk of drought and fire in the summer months, and the loss of snow-dependant recreational activities in the winter months.
  • Earlier spring floods, and/or stronger and more frequent flooding. The overall amount of spring runoff may also decline, as winter snowpacks become smaller.
  • Greater risk of erosion and sedimentation.
  • Species — both plants and wildlife — are already shifting their ranges to higher elevation habitats. Some species may lose a significant percentage of their current range, or may become regionally extinct.
  • Greater risk of disease and insect pests, including the potential for these stressors to shift their ranges into regions where they previously could not survive.


Additional information about predicted climate change impacts to mountainous habitats, ecosystems and wildlife can be found in the following places:


Recommendations for Adaptation

Warmer winters, decreased snowpack and the encroachment of new species all present serious challenges to the plants and animals that rely on high-elevation habitats.

Land trusts that manage mountainous habitats may wish to:

Specific recommendations for the adaptation of mountainous habitats to climate change include:

  • Assess vulnerability of habitat(s) to climate change impacts, such as earlier snowmelt, increased fire risk or dryer summers. Note: these impacts will vary by region and ecosystem.
  • Determine whether currently protected habitats are likely to shift their range to higher elevations. If so, consider the feasibility and value of extending the protected area’s boundaries to include this new territory.
  • Increase the overall health and resilience of existing habitats by removing invasive plants, restoring native species, and protecting habitats from development and other stressors.


Learn More

]]> No publisher Kimberly Seese Habitats Adapt 2012-03-07T22:20:00Z Page Manage Rivers, Lakes and Other Freshwater Habitats for Climate Change http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/habitats/manage-rivers-lakes-and-other-freshwater-habitats-for-climate-change Rising air temperatures, due to climate change, are already warming freshwater habitats. Some lakes and streams have already experienced water loss due to summer droughts. These, and other changes, are likely to continue and accelerate in the coming decades.


Climate Change Impacts: Current and Predicted

Freshwater habitats include large lakes, ponds, rivers, wetlands, streams and seasonal vernal pools. The response of these ecosystems to climate change impacts will vary based on current conditions, regional changes in temperature and precipitation, and more.

Observed and predicted climate change impacts to freshwater habitats may include:

  • Earlier spring floods, and/or stronger and more frequent flooding. The overall amount of spring runoff may also decline, as winter snowpack volume decreases.
  • Greater risk of erosion and sedimentation.
  • Species — both plants and wildlife — shifting their ranges to previously cooler environments. Some coldwater species — trout, for example — may lose a significant percentage of their current range.
  • More frequent and severe droughts may reduce water volume in some habitats, thus threatening vital wildlife habitat.
  • Greater risk of disease and insect pests, including the potential for these stressors to shift their ranges into regions where they previously could not survive.
  • Reductions in lake or river ice.


Additional information about predicted climate change impacts to freshwater habitats, ecosystems and wildlife can be found in the following places:


Recommendations for Adaptation

Warmer water, earlier snowmelt and the increased severity and frequency of both floods and droughts will impact freshwater ecosystems across the United States.

Land trusts that manage freshwater habitats may wish to:


Specific recommendations for the adaptation of freshwater habitats to climate change include:

  • Assess vulnerability of habitat(s) to climate change impacts, such as earlier snow-melt, increased flood risk or dryer summers. Note: these impacts will vary by region and freshwater ecosystem.
  • Determine whether currently protected habitats are likely to shift their range northward, or to higher elevations. If so, consider the feasibility and value of extending the protected area’s boundaries to include this new territory.
  • If species migration seems likely, look to remove barriers that may impede migration (dams, for example).
  • Increase the overall health and resilience of existing habitats by removing invasive plants, restoring native species, and protecting habitats from development and other stressors.
  • Wherever possible, protect the health of established ecosystem services, such as stream buffers, which may help protect a stream or river from increased erosion of nearby land.


Learn More



]]> No publisher Kimberly Seese Habitats Adapt 2012-03-07T22:20:00Z Page Using Geospatial Techniques to Plan for Climate Change Impacts on Coastal Habitats http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/habitats/using-geospatial-techniques-to-plan-for-climate-change-impacts-on-coastal-habitats The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and The Nature Conservancy are using sea level rise modeling trends and the Habitat Priority Planner to identify freshwater wetlands in coastal South Carolina to protect for future wildlife management.


Learn More about this Case Study

Case study provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.


Explore More Case Studies

]]> No publisher Kimberly Seese Habitats Case study Adapt 2012-03-01T14:10:00Z Page Climate Change Action in Coastal Habitats: Tools and Datasets http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/habitats/climate-change-action-in-coastal-habitats-tools-and-datasets The following tools and data sets, provided by Land Trust Alliance partners, help land managers anticipate and plan for climate change impacts.


Explore Our Full Collection of Tools and Data Sets

]]> No publisher Kimberly Seese Habitats Spatial dataset Adapt Analysis tool 2012-03-01T14:10:00Z Page Tidal Marsh Preservation at Rush Ranch http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/habitats/tidal-marsh-preservation-at-rush-ranch This project is conceptual at this point, but the Coastal Program office in Sacramento has provided technical assistance with design review for the final design and assessment planning.  The project will restore a 70 acre tidal marsh and the associated upland transition zone.

This project will provides support needed to complete construction designs for tidal Marsh Restoration at Rush Ranch. Rush Ranch Open Space Preserve, acquired by the Solano Land Trust (SLT) in 1988, is a 2,070-acre ranch located along the northern edge of the Suisun Marsh in Solano County, California. The property consists of 940-acres of grassland, a 70-acre diked marsh, and 1,050 acres of tidal wetlands which form one of the largest extant tracts of undiked, brackish marsh within the San Francisco Estuary.

The tidal marsh at Rush Ranch provides a home for numerous federally and state-listed threatened and endangered species, including the last known meta-population of the Suisun thistle (Cirsium hydrophilum var. hydrophilum). In 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) designated much of the marsh at Rush Ranch as critical habitat for Suisun thistle and soft bird’s beak (Chloropyron molle ssp. molle, syn. Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis), another listed plant. Rush Ranch also provides important habitat for listed species such as salt marsh harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris), California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), and other rare and special status species. First Mallard Slough, a natural tidal channel at the center of the marsh, has been shown to harbor among the highest counts of splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) and tule perch (Hysterocarpus traski) in Suisun Marsh. ESA listed fish that utilize the marsh include delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) and longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys). Anadromous fish include NOAA-trust species such as Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).

This project focuses on the 70 acre diked tidal marsh.  The 70-acre diked marsh restoration project site is situated in the northwest corner of Rush Ranch, on the edge of Suisun Slough. In the 1940’s a levee and water control structures were constructed around the site and it was operated as a duck club. Hunting was stopped at Rush Ranch when it was opened up to public access in the early 1990’s (hunting opportunities are widespread elsewhere in Suisun Marsh). Since the 1990’s the diked marsh has fallen into disrepair. Today the diked marsh is subsiding and overgrown with emergent vegetation. A trail circumnavigates the diked marsh on top of the levee, but storm events often damage the levee, creating a safety hazard, and brambles have taken hold on the levee edges, sometimes interfering with passage. The Rush Ranch Tidal Marsh Restoration Project will breach the levee and create a starter channel to allow daily tidal inundation and restore natural patterns of sedimentation, marsh plain and channel evolution. A footbridge and boardwalk will be constructed in an alternate site nearby that will be less intrusive, increase public safety, and allow visitors a close-up view of the restoration project as it evolves.

Restoration of this area will result in a tidal marsh-upland ecotone and fully connected transitional zone that will connect existing tidal marsh habitat to the north and south. Across the slough from the project site, CA Department of Fish and Game, is planning an additional tidal marsh restoration site nearby. Moreover, the draft Suisun Marsh Plan—a regional plan under development by state and federal agencies—has proposed to restore between 5000-7000 acres of tidal marsh restoration within Suisun Marsh over the next 30 years. The existing tidal marsh at Rush Ranch is an important reference site for restoration projects in general. In light of the surrounding projects and planning processes, the proposed restoration and monitoring of the 70-acre diked marsh at Rush Ranch will generate important information to benefit future hydrologic/tidal reconnection projects in Suisun Marsh.

In April 2008, SLT hired consultants from PWA, Ltd, WSP Environmental Strategies, and CA Waterfowl Association to prepare Conceptual Designs and Cost Analyses for various alternative restoration strategies for the 70-acre diked marsh at Rush Ranch. Interested stakeholders were invited to review the multiple design concepts and decide whether the site would remain a “managed marsh” or be restored to un-muted tidal action. Upon recommendation of a majority of stakeholders, the SLT Board of Directors passed a resolution to restore the site to tidal marsh.

The last step before restoration is to develop final construction designs and permit the project. This proposal will provide a portion of the funding needed to complete construction designs. The San Francisco Bay Coastal program Manager will also assist with design review and project assessment. Match funds from the State Coastal Conservancy and potentially the NERR Science Collaborative provide the necessary cost share.

Case study provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.


Explore More Case Studies

]]> No publisher Kimberly Seese Habitats Case study Adapt 2012-03-01T14:10:00Z Page Wetlands Restoration - The Land Trust of Santa Cruz County http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/habitats/wetlands-restoration-on-the-land-trust-of-santa-cruz-county Coastal Program and Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program worked with the State Coastal Conservancy and the Land Trust of Santa Cruz County (Land Trust) to develop a National Coastal Wetland Conservation Grant proposal in FY2010 that helped to secure a 45-acre property in the middle Watsonville Slough, one of the five tributaries associated with the Watsonville Slough complex in Santa Cruz County, California. The proposed active and passive restoration efforts on the property will increase the existing palustrine wetlands to almost 30 acres and the property will ultimately be managed as part of the Land Trust’s recently established 485-acre Watsonville Sloughs Farm property. The Land Trust is in the process of developing a long-term management plan for the property with a Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) that is comprised of staff from the Coastal Program and other partners, including the State Coastal Conservancy, Resource Conservation District of Santa Cruz County (RCD), Watsonville Wetlands Watch, local biologists, and representatives from the organic farming community. In FY2010, the Coastal Program is also providing cost-share and technical assistance on two other habitat improvement projects associated with the Watsonville Slough Farms property that will address immediate sedimentation issues into the Watsonville Slough system and provide benefits to the only known breeding pond for the federally threatened California red-legged frog (Ranadraytonii) west of Highway 1 in the slough system. These projects are immediate needs for the Land Trust’s property that will eventually tie into the long-term management plan being developed by the TAC.

The Watsonville Slough complex is one of the largest remaining freshwater coastal wetlands in the central coast of California, totaling approximately 800 acres and represents the most significant wetland habitat between Pescadero Marsh (San Mateo County) and Elkhorn Slough (Monterey County). This slough system includes five tributaries: Hanson Slough, Harkins Slough, West Struve Slough, Struve Slough, and Watsonville Slough. The slough complex is located along the Pacific flyway and the wetlands, marsh, and grasslands provide critical resting habitat for migratory waterfowl and significant wintering habitat for raptors. The slough ecosystem also supports the Federally-threatened California red-legged frog and the recently delisted the brown pelican (Pelecanusoccidentalis) and also supports at least 10 other bird species of state special concern.

Case study provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.


Explore More Case Studies

]]> No publisher Kimberly Seese Habitats Case study Adapt 2012-03-01T14:10:00Z Page Identifying Conservation Priorities for Sea Level Rise Adaptation in Coastal Maryland http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/habitats/identifying-conservation-priorities-for-sea-level-rise-adaptation-in-coastal-maryland Maryland incorporated climate change impacts, specifically sea level rise, into its conservation priorities. Learn about the state’s initial considerations as it worked through this process and the geospatial best practices it incorporated to identify wetland conservation priorities for climate adaptation.

Learn More About This Case Study:


Case study provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.


Explore More Case Studies

]]> No publisher Kimberly Seese Sea level rise Coast Case study Adapt Coastal Habitats Maryland 2012-03-01T14:10:00Z Page Eld Inlet on Puget Sound: A conservation Easement Protects Important Coastal Habitat http://www.landtrustalliance.org/climate-change-toolkit/adapt/habitats/eld-inlet-on-puget-sound-a-conservation-easement-protects-important-coastal-habitat "My wife and I bought part of the farm in 1975 and have added through it through the years. We fell in love with the place and didn't want to see it developed," said Ralph Munro about Triple Creek Farm. "Triple Creek Farm is on the Eld Inlet, one of Puget Sound's most intact estuary-inland complexes. A cornerstone property, the farm fits nicely into the partnership initiative led by Capitol Land Trust," explained Ginger Phalen from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Coastal Program.

"Ralph and Karen Munro have been supporters for a long time," said Eric Erler, Executive Director of the Capitol Land Trust, an organization that accquires Puget Sound properties for permanent protection through conservation easements. The Trust is guided by a strategic goal to protect the marine and estuarine shoreline. "Waterfront property is in high demand and is being lost very rapidly," he said. "Three-fourths of the estuarine environment has been converted or fragmented." Thurston County's population is expected to grow by 50 percent during the next 20 years, the fastest rate in Washington state. The county is already experiencing impacts with the conversion of open space, farmland, and shoreline. Protecting habitat is critical to the long term health of the area.

The Capitol Land Trust and The Trust for Public Land contacted other partners including the Service's Coastal Program in Puget Sound, the Washington Department of Ecology, and the Squaxin Island Tribe, to help ensure that the Triple Creek Farm will remain as it is now. The culmination is a conservation easement, limiting development and protecting the property in its existing state in perpetuity. The conservation easement protects 3.5 miles of marine shoreline, 500 feet of stream, 160 acres of intertidal and freshwater wetland and riparian habitat, and 43 acres of coastal associated forested upland habitat.

Biologists from the Coastal Program in Puget Sound helped develop a proposal for the FWS National Coastal Wetlands Conservation Grant Program to acquire the easement and provided funding and technical assistance to implement the easement. The Washington Department of Ecology received the grant and gave the money to the Capitol Land Trust. The Department also added to the sum from its coastal protection fund, fines assessed from oil spills to restore damaged areas. In turn, Capitol Land Trust generated support from partners such as Entrix, a private company that conducted a biological assessment as a donation.  Financial contributions totaled more than $1 million.

"We knew that Triple Creek Farm was important, but didn't know how important until we discovered the first fish net," said Erler, referring to the Squaxin Island Tribal village and fishing grounds. "The cedar bark fish net was more than 100 feet long, and it had jaw bones of salmon, so we know what kind of fish they were catching," added Ralph Munro. The property has yielded artifacts that turned out to be of national significance and have formed the core collection of a museum of the Squaxin Island Nation. The net may be 800 years old.

The property adds important habitat for five species of anadromous fish-fall Chinook salmon, coho salmon, winter steelhead, sea-run cutthroat trout, and churn salmon - providing a transition area to saltwater at the very southern end of Puget Sound. "This is a pretty special place," Ralph Munro said.

Read a case study provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (PDF).


Explore More Case Studies

]]> No publisher Kimberly Seese Habitats Case study Adapt 2012-03-01T14:10:00Z Page